Q&A 題庫 Question Bank

A: IAA 係英國政府嘅獨立監管機構，負責監管移民顧問同服務。前身係 OISC (Office of the Immigration Services Commissioner)，於 2025 年 1 月 16 日更名。任何人士喺英國提供移民建議或服務，必須向 IAA 註冊，除非獲得豁免（例如律師、CILEX、特許公證人等）。

The IAA is the UK government's independent regulatory body responsible for regulating immigration advisers and services. Formerly known as OISC, it was renamed on 16 January 2025. Anyone providing immigration advice or services in the UK must be registered with IAA, unless exempt (e.g., solicitors, CILEX, notaries).

A: Level 1：處理直接、簡單嘅個案，申請人冇不良移民歷史或刑事記錄，符合 Immigration Rules 所有要求。Level 2：處理複雜個案，包括 Immigration Rules 以外嘅申請、有不良歷史嘅申請人、需要酌情考慮嘅個案。Level 3：可以進行上訴工作、代表客戶出席法庭/仲裁庭。

Level 1: Handle straightforward cases where applicants have no adverse immigration history or criminal record and meet all Immigration Rules requirements. Level 2: Handle complex cases including applications outside the Rules, applicants with adverse history, discretionary cases. Level 3: Can conduct appeals and represent clients before courts/tribunals.

A: 根據 Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 Section 91，未經註冊而提供移民建議或服務係刑事罪行，可被判處最高 2 年監禁及/或無上限罰款。

Under Section 91 of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999, providing immigration advice or services without registration is a criminal offence punishable by up to 2 years imprisonment and/or an unlimited fine.

A: 獲豁免人士包括：律師（Solicitors）、大律師（Barristers）、CILEX 律師、特許公證人（Notaries）、某些受監管嘅法律專業人士。此外，僱主為員工提供簽證協助、非牟利機構提供一般資訊等特定情況亦可能獲豁免。

Exempt persons include: Solicitors, Barristers, CILEX practitioners, Notaries, and certain other regulated legal professionals. Employers assisting employees with visa matters and charities providing general information may also be exempt in specific circumstances.

A: 1. 客戶最佳利益為先 (Best interests of clients) 2. 誠實正直 (Act with honesty and integrity) 3. 能力範圍內執業 (Act within competence) 4. 保密義務 (Maintain confidentiality) 5. 獨立專業判斷 (Independent professional judgment) 6. 避免利益衝突 (Avoid conflicts of interest) 7. 維護公眾信任 (Maintain public confidence) 8. 有效溝通 (Communicate effectively) 9. 充分記錄 (Maintain proper records)

1. Best interests of clients 2. Act with honesty and integrity 3. Act within competence 4. Maintain confidentiality 5. Independent professional judgment 6. Avoid conflicts of interest 7. Maintain public confidence 8. Communicate effectively 9. Maintain proper records

A: Immigration Rules 係根據 Immigration Act 1971 Section 3(2) 由內政大臣 (Secretary of State for the Home Department) 制定。佢哋係 Secondary Legislation（附屬法規），唔係 Primary Legislation（主體法律），但具有法律效力。

Immigration Rules are made by the Secretary of State for the Home Department under Section 3(2) of the Immigration Act 1971. They are Secondary Legislation (not Primary Legislation) but have legal force.

A: Appendix 係 Immigration Rules 嘅附錄，包含特定簽證類別嘅詳細要求。主要 Appendix 包括：Appendix FM（家庭成員）、Appendix Skilled Worker（技術工人）、Appendix Student（學生）、Appendix V: Visitor（訪客）、Appendix Private Life（私人生活）等。

Appendices are supplements to the Immigration Rules containing detailed requirements for specific visa categories. Key Appendices include: Appendix FM (Family Members), Appendix Skilled Worker, Appendix Student, Appendix V: Visitor, Appendix Private Life, etc.

A: Part 9 列出所有可能導致申請被拒嘅理由 (Grounds for Refusal)，包括：Suitability 要求（適合性要求）、General Grounds（一般拒絕理由）、Specific Grounds（特定拒絕理由）。拒絕理由分為 Mandatory（強制性，必須拒絕）同 Discretionary（酌情性，可以拒絕）。

Part 9 lists all grounds that may lead to refusal, including: Suitability requirements, General Grounds, and Specific Grounds. Grounds are divided into Mandatory (must refuse) and Discretionary (may refuse).

A: Statement of Changes 係內政部公佈 Immigration Rules 修訂嘅官方文件。Immigration Rules 經常更新，每次修訂都會發出 Statement of Changes，通常喺國會發佈後 21 日生效。作為移民顧問，必須緊貼最新變化。

A Statement of Changes is the official document announcing amendments to Immigration Rules. Rules are frequently updated, with each change published via Statement of Changes, typically taking effect 21 days after being laid before Parliament. Advisers must stay current with all changes.

A: Entry Clearance 係喺境外申請嘅入境許可，通常以簽證形式發出。申請人必須喺入境英國之前獲得。Visa Nationals（需要簽證嘅國籍）必須先獲得 Entry Clearance 先可以入境。

Entry Clearance is permission to enter the UK applied for from outside the country, usually issued as a visa. Applicants must obtain it before entering the UK. Visa Nationals must obtain Entry Clearance before travelling.

A: Leave to Remain 係已經喺英國境內嘅人申請繼續逗留嘅許可。可以係延期 (Extension) 現有簽證，或者轉換 (Switching) 到另一個簽證類別。申請必須喺現有 Leave 到期之前提交。

Leave to Remain is permission to continue staying in the UK for those already inside the country. It can be an Extension of current visa or Switching to a different category. Applications must be submitted before current Leave expires.

A: ILR 俗稱「永居」或「Settled Status」，持有人可以無限期喺英國居住同工作，冇時間限制。通常需要 5 年合法居留（某些路徑 3 年），滿足 continuous residence 要求、通過 Life in the UK 測試、達到英語要求。注意：離開英國超過 2 年可能導致 ILR 失效。

ILR, also known as "Permanent Residence" or "Settled Status", allows holders to live and work in the UK indefinitely with no time limit. Usually requires 5 years lawful residence (3 years for some routes), continuous residence, Life in UK test, and English requirement. Note: Absence from UK for more than 2 years may invalidate ILR.

A: 根據 Immigration Act 1971 Section 3C，當一個人喺 Leave 到期之前提交有效嘅延期或轉換申請，佢嘅現有 Leave 會自動延續直到申請有結果（包括任何上訴）。呢個保護申請人唔會喺等待結果期間成為 overstayer。但 Section 3C Leave 只延續現有簽證嘅條件，唔會授予新權利。

Under Section 3C of the Immigration Act 1971, when a person submits a valid extension or switching application before their Leave expires, their existing Leave is automatically extended until the application is decided (including any appeal). This protects applicants from becoming overstayers while awaiting a decision. However, Section 3C Leave only continues existing conditions, not grant new rights.

A: Overstaying（逾期逗留）後果嚴重：超過 30 日：1 年 re-entry ban；超過 90 日：2 年 re-entry ban；超過 6 個月自願離開：5 年 ban；超過 6 個月被遣返：10 年 ban。其他後果包括未來申請可能被拒、可能被遣返、某些情況構成刑事罪行。

Overstaying has serious consequences: Over 30 days: 1-year re-entry ban; Over 90 days: 2-year ban; Over 6 months voluntary departure: 5-year ban; Over 6 months removed: 10-year ban. Other consequences include future application refusals, potential removal, and possible criminal liability.

A: 主要要求：1. 獲得 Licensed Sponsor 嘅 Certificate of Sponsorship (CoS) 2. 工作係 eligible occupation 3. 達到最低薪金要求（通常 £38,700 或 going rate） 4. 英語能力達 B1 level 5. 符合 suitability 要求。喺 Shortage Occupation List 嘅職位可能有較低薪金門檻。

Main requirements: 1. Certificate of Sponsorship (CoS) from Licensed Sponsor 2. Job in eligible occupation 3. Meet minimum salary (usually £38,700 or going rate) 4. English at B1 level 5. Meet suitability requirements. Jobs on Shortage Occupation List may have lower salary thresholds.

A: 主要要求：1. 獲得 Licensed Student Sponsor 嘅 Confirmation of Acceptance for Studies (CAS) 2. 證明經濟能力支付學費同生活費（倫敦內 £1,334/月，倫敦外 £1,023/月） 3. 英語能力達課程要求 4. 通過 Genuine Student Test（真正學生測試） 5. 符合 suitability 要求

Main requirements: 1. Confirmation of Acceptance for Studies (CAS) from Licensed Student Sponsor 2. Proof of funds for tuition and living costs (£1,334/month in London, £1,023/month outside) 3. English language at course requirement 4. Pass Genuine Student Test 5. Meet suitability requirements

A: 根據 Appendix FM，最低收入要求：擔保人年收入 £29,000（2024年4月更新）；第一個孩子加 £3,800；其後每個孩子加 £2,400。收入可來自就業、自僱、退休金等。現金儲蓄可計算（每 £16,000 儲蓄 = £1,000 年收入）。擔保人需持有收入至少 6 個月。

Under Appendix FM, minimum income requirement: Sponsor's annual income of £29,000 (updated April 2024); plus £3,800 for first child; plus £2,400 for each subsequent child. Income can come from employment, self-employment, pension, etc. Cash savings can count (£16,000 = £1,000 annual income). Sponsor must have held income for at least 6 months.

A: Visitor visa 限制：1. 最長逗留 6 個月（標準） 2. 唔可以工作或從事商業活動 3. 唔可以讀超過 30 日嘅課程 4. 唔可以結婚或同居（需要 Marriage Visitor visa） 5. 唔可以接受 NHS 資助醫療（除緊急服務） 6. 唔可以領取公共福利。最重要：Visitor 唔可以轉換 (switch) 到其他簽證類別，必須離開英國重新申請。

Visitor visa restrictions: 1. Maximum stay 6 months (standard) 2. Cannot work or engage in business 3. Cannot study for more than 30 days 4. Cannot marry (need Marriage Visitor visa) 5. Cannot access NHS-funded treatment (except emergency) 6. Cannot claim public funds. Most importantly: Visitors cannot switch to other visa categories - must leave UK to apply.

A: Graduate visa 俾完成英國合資格學位課程嘅學生，畢業後可以留喺英國工作。期限：本科/碩士 2 年，博士 3 年。唔需要 Sponsor，可以做任何工作。要求：持有效 Student visa、喺英國完成學位、獲 Student Sponsor 確認完成課程。注意：唔可以延期，唔計入 ILR 所需年期。

Graduate visa allows students who complete eligible UK degrees to stay and work after graduation. Duration: 2 years for undergraduate/master's, 3 years for PhD. No sponsor required, can do any work. Requirements: Valid Student visa, completed degree in UK, confirmation from Student Sponsor. Note: Cannot be extended, doesn't count toward ILR.

A: Schedule 1 British Nationality Act 1981 嘅要求：1. 年滿 18 歲 2. 良好品格 (Good Character) 3. 英語能力達 B1 或以上 4. 通過 Life in the UK test 5. 過去 5 年（或 3 年如配偶係英國公民）連續居住 6. 持有 ILR 7. 意圖繼續居住在英國 8. 離境不超過限制（5年內 450 日，最後 1 年 90 日）

Schedule 1 British Nationality Act 1981 requirements: 1. Age 18+ 2. Good Character 3. English at B1 or above 4. Pass Life in UK test 5. 5 years residence (or 3 years if spouse is British) 6. Hold ILR 7. Intend to continue living in UK 8. Absences within limits (450 days in 5 years, 90 days in final year)

A: Good Character 考慮因素：1. 刑事定罪（監禁 4 年以上永久禁止） 2. 移民違規（overstaying、使用虛假文件） 3. 財務問題（破產、逃稅、欠公共資金） 4. 欺詐行為 5. 與極端主義/恐怖組織關聯 6. 不誠實行為 7. 公共行為記錄。某些定罪有時間限制後可重新申請。

Good Character considers: 1. Criminal convictions (4+ years imprisonment = permanent bar) 2. Immigration breaches (overstaying, false documents) 3. Financial issues (bankruptcy, tax evasion, debts to public funds) 4. Deception 5. Links to extremism/terrorism 6. Dishonesty 7. Public conduct. Some convictions have time limits after which reapplication is possible.

A: Life in the UK test 係 ILR 同入籍申請嘅必要要求。45 分鐘電腦測試，24 條選擇題，需答對 75%（18 題）合格。內容涵蓋英國歷史、傳統、文化、價值觀、政府制度等。費用 £50，可以喺批准嘅測試中心考試。18 歲以下、65 歲以上、或有身心障礙者可豁免。

Life in the UK test is a requirement for ILR and citizenship applications. 45-minute computer test, 24 multiple choice questions, 75% (18 questions) pass mark. Covers British history, traditions, culture, values, government systems. Cost £50, taken at approved test centres. Exempt: Under 18, over 65, or those with physical/mental impairment.

A: Client Care Letter 必須包含：1. 服務範圍同限制 2. 費用結構同付款安排 3. 預計時間表 4. 投訴程序 5. 顧問/公司嘅 IAA 註冊詳情 6. 通訊方式 7. 文件處理同保密安排 8. 終止服務嘅條款。必須喺開始工作前提供俾客戶。

Client Care Letter must include: 1. Scope and limitations of service 2. Fee structure and payment arrangements 3. Estimated timescales 4. Complaints procedure 5. IAA registration details of adviser/firm 6. Communication methods 7. Document handling and confidentiality 8. Terms for terminating service. Must be provided before commencing work.

A: Level 1 顧問應該轉介：1. 申請人有不良移民歷史（overstaying、拒簽記錄） 2. 申請人有刑事定罪 3. 申請需要 Immigration Rules 以外嘅考慮 4. 涉及人權申請（Article 8） 5. 需要酌情/concessionary 考慮 6. 涉及庇護或人道保護 7. 任何超出 Level 1 能力範圍嘅情況。轉介係專業責任，唔係失敗。

Level 1 advisers should refer: 1. Applicant has adverse immigration history (overstaying, refusals) 2. Applicant has criminal convictions 3. Application needs consideration outside Immigration Rules 4. Involves human rights claims (Article 8) 5. Requires discretionary/concessionary consideration 6. Involves asylum or humanitarian protection 7. Any situation beyond Level 1 competence. Referral is professional responsibility, not failure.

A: 處理利益衝突：1. 識別潛在衝突（同一公司代表雙方、個人利益、之前客戶） 2. 如有衝突，通常需要拒絕接受指示 3. 如衝突可管理，需向所有相關方披露並取得書面同意 4. 記錄所有決定同理由 5. 如事後發現衝突，需立即通知相關方並考慮退出。永遠以客戶最佳利益為先。

Handling Conflicts of Interest: 1. Identify potential conflicts (representing both parties, personal interests, former clients) 2. If conflict exists, usually must decline instructions 3. If manageable, disclose to all parties and obtain written consent 4. Document all decisions and reasons 5. If discovered later, immediately notify parties and consider withdrawing. Always prioritise client's best interests.

A: Article 8 保護私人同家庭生活權利 (Right to respect for private and family life)。包括：家庭關係、私人生活、住所、通訊。但呢個係「qualified right」（有條件嘅權利），政府可以為合法目的（如移民管控、公共安全）進行干預，只要干預係合法、必要、同比例嘅。

Article 8 protects the right to respect for private and family life, home, and correspondence. However, it's a "qualified right" - interference by public authority is permitted if in accordance with law and necessary for legitimate aims (immigration control, public safety, etc.), provided it's proportionate.

A: Two-Stage Assessment：Stage 1：申請人係咪符合 Immigration Rules 嘅要求（例如 Appendix FM、Appendix Private Life）？Stage 2：如果唔符合，係咪有 exceptional circumstances 令到拒絕會構成不成比例嘅 Article 8 干預？第二階段需要進行 proportionality assessment（比例評估）。

Two-Stage Assessment: Stage 1: Does applicant meet Immigration Rules requirements (e.g., Appendix FM, Appendix Private Life)? Stage 2: If not, are there exceptional circumstances making refusal a disproportionate interference with Article 8 rights? Second stage requires proportionality assessment.

A: Proportionality 考慮因素：1. 家庭/私人生活關係嘅強度 2. 兒童最佳利益（primary consideration） 3. 喺英國居住嘅時間 4. 社會融入程度（就業、教育、社區參與） 5. 移民歷史同合規情況 6. 刑事記錄 7. 喺外國繼續家庭生活嘅障礙 8. 移民管控嘅公共利益 9. 遣返嘅後果 10. 語言、文化同原居地嘅聯繫

Proportionality factors: 1. Strength of family/private life ties 2. Best interests of children (primary consideration) 3. Length of UK residence 4. Social integration (employment, education, community) 5. Immigration history and compliance 6. Criminal record 7. Obstacles to family life abroad 8. Public interest in immigration control 9. Consequences of removal 10. Language, cultural ties to country of origin

A: Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 Section 117B 列出公共利益考慮：1. 維持有效嘅移民管控符合公共利益 2. 能講英語對公共利益有利 3. 經濟獨立對公共利益有利 4. 私人生活建立於 precarious immigration status（不穩定移民身份）上，比重較低 5. 私人生活建立於 unlawful（非法）期間，比重更低。呢啲因素必須喺 Article 8 評估中考慮。

Section 117B of Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 lists public interest factors: 1. Maintaining effective immigration control is in public interest 2. Ability to speak English is in public interest 3. Financial independence is in public interest 4. Little weight given to private life established during precarious immigration status 5. Even less weight to private life during unlawful period. These must be considered in Article 8 assessment.

A: 10 年 Long Residence (Paragraph 276B) 要求：1. 10 年連續合法居住 2. 任何 12 個月內離境不超過 180 日（2024年4月起） 3. 總離境不超過 540 日 4. 通過 Life in UK test 5. 英語 B1 level 6. 符合 Good Character 要求 7. 支付申請費（約 £3,029）同 biometrics

10-year Long Residence (Paragraph 276B) requirements: 1. 10 years continuous lawful residence 2. Absences not exceeding 180 days in any 12 months (from April 2024) 3. Total absences not exceeding 540 days 4. Pass Life in UK test 5. English B1 level 6. Meet Good Character requirement 7. Pay application fee (approx £3,029) and biometrics

A: 20 年 Rule 允許喺英國「連續」居住 20 年嘅人申請留低。重要區別：唔需要全程「合法」居住 — periods of overstaying 唔會自動取消資格，只要居住係「連續」嘅。但仍然需要符合 Good Character 同 Suitability 要求。成功申請者通常先獲得 30 個月 Limited Leave，之後可以申請 ILR。

The 20-year rule allows those who have lived "continuously" in the UK for 20 years to apply to remain. Key distinction: Doesn't require "lawful" residence throughout - periods of overstaying don't automatically disqualify if residence was "continuous". Still must meet Good Character and Suitability requirements. Successful applicants usually get 30 months Limited Leave, then can apply for ILR.

A: Paragraph 276ADE(1)(iv) 規定，如果一個 18 歲以下嘅兒童喺英國連續居住至少 7 年，而且要求佢離開英國會「不合理」(not reasonable)，可以申請 Leave to Remain。考慮因素包括：兒童嘅最佳利益、喺英國嘅聯繫、對原居地嘅了解、家庭情況等。

Paragraph 276ADE(1)(iv) provides that a child under 18 who has lived in UK continuously for at least 7 years, and for whom it would be "not reasonable" to leave, can apply for Leave to Remain. Considerations include: Best interests of the child, ties to UK, knowledge of country of origin, family circumstances.

A: Administrative Review：內政部內部審查案件處理錯誤（錯誤應用法規、冇考慮證據等），唔係獨立審查。費用 £80，時限境內 14 日、拘留中 7 日、境外 28 日。Appeal：由獨立嘅 First-tier Tribunal 法官進行全面審查。Appeal 權通常只適用於人權申請、保護申請、撤銷保護身份、剝奪公民身份等。大部分工作/學生簽證只有 AR，冇 Appeal 權。

Administrative Review: Internal Home Office review for case-working errors (wrong application of Rules, ignoring evidence). Not independent. Fee £80, deadline 14 days (in UK), 7 days (detained), 28 days (overseas). Appeal: Full merits review by independent First-tier Tribunal judge. Appeal rights usually only for human rights claims, protection claims, revocation of status, deprivation of citizenship. Most work/student visas only have AR, no appeal right.

A: EX.1 Exception 喺 Appendix FM 入面適用於配偶/伴侶簽證。如果申請人有 genuine and subsisting relationship，而喺英國以外繼續家庭生活會面臨「insurmountable obstacles」（不可克服嘅障礙），可能符合資格。呢個門檻好高 — 必須係極大嘅困難，唔係普通嘅不便。考慮因素包括：能否合法移居、文化/宗教/語言障礙、醫療需要、安全問題、兒童最佳利益等。

EX.1 Exception in Appendix FM applies to partner visas. If applicant has genuine and subsisting relationship and would face "insurmountable obstacles" to family life continuing outside UK, may qualify. This is a high threshold - must be very significant difficulties, not ordinary inconvenience. Factors include: Ability to lawfully relocate, cultural/religious/language barriers, medical needs, safety concerns, best interests of children.

A: Level 2 應該轉介俾律師：1. 需要 Judicial Review 2. 涉及複雜法律挑戰或新穎法律論點 3. 涉及戰爭罪、恐怖主義、嚴重刑事 4. 需要 Level 3 工作但冇 Level 3 顧問 5. 實質性上訴工作（Level 2 只可以提交初步上訴） 6. 剝奪公民身份 7. 案件超出能力範圍。Level 2 唔可以進行 Judicial Review 或法庭代表工作。

Level 2 should refer to solicitor: 1. Judicial Review needed 2. Complex legal challenges or novel legal points 3. War crimes, terrorism, serious criminality 4. Level 3 work needed but no Level 3 adviser 5. Substantive appeal work (L2 can only lodge initial appeal) 6. Deprivation of citizenship 7. Case beyond competence. Level 2 cannot conduct JR or tribunal representation.

A: 處理邊界案例：1. 完全披露所有問題 — 隱瞞更加嚴重 2. 解釋情況同背景 3. 提供改過自新嘅證據 4. 獲取品格推薦信（僱主、社區領袖） 5. 顯示悔改同理解 6. 強調時間流逝 7. 證明對英國社會嘅正面貢獻 8. 對照內政部指引同先例 9. 如果接近時限，考慮等待 10. 說明拒絕對家庭/私人生活嘅影響（Article 8）

Handling borderline cases: 1. Full disclosure - concealment is worse 2. Explain circumstances and context 3. Provide evidence of rehabilitation 4. Obtain character references (employers, community leaders) 5. Show remorse and understanding 6. Emphasise time elapsed 7. Evidence positive contribution to UK 8. Compare to Home Office guidance and precedents 9. If near threshold, consider waiting 10. Explain impact of refusal on family/private life (Article 8)

A: 基本要求：1. 有效嘅 Certificate of Sponsorship (CoS) 2. 工作符合 skill level RQF 3 或以上 3. 達到最低薪金要求（一般為 £38,700 或 going rate 較高者，有特定折扣情況） 4. 證明英語能力（CEFR B1） 5. 有足夠維持費用 6. 通過 TB 測試（如適用）

Basic requirements: 1. Valid Certificate of Sponsorship (CoS) 2. Job at RQF 3 skill level or above 3. Meet minimum salary (generally £38,700 or going rate, whichever higher, with specific discounts) 4. Prove English language ability (CEFR B1) 5. Sufficient maintenance funds 6. TB test (if applicable)

A: CoS 係由持牌僱主 (Licensed Sponsor) 發出嘅電子記錄，確認僱主願意擔保申請人嚟英國工作。CoS 有效期為 3 個月，必須喺到期前提交簽證申請。每個 CoS 都有獨特嘅參考號碼，申請人唔會收到實體文件。CoS 會列明工作詳情、薪金、工作地點等資料。

A CoS is an electronic record issued by a Licensed Sponsor confirming the employer is willing to sponsor the applicant to work in the UK. CoS is valid for 3 months and visa application must be submitted before expiry. Each CoS has unique reference number; applicant doesn't receive physical document. CoS details job information, salary, work location etc.

A: 一般薪金要求：£38,700 或職業嘅 going rate（較高者）。折扣情況：1. 新入行者 (New Entrant)：£30,960（最低）2. Shortage Occupation：going rate 嘅 80% 3. 教育相關職位：特定薪級表 4. PhD 相關：£34,830。健康及護理簽證有獨立嘅較低薪金要求。

General salary requirement: £38,700 or occupation going rate (whichever higher). Discounts: 1. New Entrant: £30,960 (minimum) 2. Shortage Occupation: 80% of going rate 3. Education roles: specific pay scales 4. PhD relevant: £34,830. Health and Care visa has separate lower salary requirements.

A: New Entrant 係指：1. 26 歲以下 2. 由學生簽證轉換過嚟 3. 接受專業培訓或實習 4. 首次進入勞動市場。New Entrant 享有較低薪金門檻（£30,960），但只可以用 4 年，之後必須達到標準薪金要求先可以續簽。

New Entrant qualifies if: 1. Under 26 years old 2. Switching from Student visa 3. Undertaking professional training/internship 4. First time entering job market. New Entrants enjoy lower salary threshold (£30,960) but can only use for 4 years, must meet standard salary for further extensions.

A: 可以，但必須獲得新僱主嘅 CoS 並提交新申請。喺新申請獲批之前，唔可以開始為新僱主工作。如果喺英國境內申請並享有 Section 3C Leave，可以繼續為舊僱主工作直到新申請有結果。新申請會重新審核所有要求。

Yes, but must obtain new CoS from new employer and submit new application. Cannot start work for new employer until application approved. If applying in-country with Section 3C Leave, can continue working for old employer until decision. New application will reassess all requirements.

A: 持 Skilled Worker 簽證住滿 5 年後可申請 ILR。要求：1. 連續居住 5 年（每 12 個月唔超過 180 日缺席） 2. 仍然受僱於持牌擔保人 3. 達到 ILR 薪金要求（£38,700 或 going rate） 4. 通過 Life in the UK 測試 5. 達到英語 B1 要求 6. 冇嚴重違規記錄

Can apply for ILR after 5 years on Skilled Worker visa. Requirements: 1. Continuous residence for 5 years (no more than 180 days absence per 12 months) 2. Still employed by licensed sponsor 3. Meet ILR salary requirement (£38,700 or going rate) 4. Pass Life in the UK test 5. Meet English B1 requirement 6. No serious breaches

A: 基本要求：1. 有 Confirmation of Acceptance for Studies (CAS) 2. 證明有足夠資金（學費 + 生活費 9 個月 — 倫敦 £1,334/月，倫敦外 £1,023/月） 3. 英語能力達標（CEFR B2 for degree level） 4. 真正學生測試 (Genuine Student Test) 5. 年齡 16 歲或以上 6. TB 測試（如適用）

Basic requirements: 1. Confirmation of Acceptance for Studies (CAS) 2. Sufficient funds (tuition + 9 months living costs - London £1,334/month, outside London £1,023/month) 3. English language ability (CEFR B2 for degree level) 4. Genuine Student Test 5. Age 16 or above 6. TB test (if applicable)

A: 可以，但有限制：1. Degree level 學生：學期內每週最多 20 小時，假期全職 2. Below degree：學期內每週最多 10 小時 3. 唔可以做自僱 4. 唔可以做全職永久工作 5. 唔可以做職業運動員/教練/藝人 6. 唔可以做醫生/牙醫培訓（除非係該課程一部分）。工作時數從 BRP/簽證信可見。

Yes, with restrictions: 1. Degree level students: max 20 hours/week during term, full-time in holidays 2. Below degree: max 10 hours/week 3. No self-employment 4. No full-time permanent work 5. No professional sports/coaching/entertainment 6. No doctor/dentist training (unless part of course). Work hours shown on BRP/visa letter.

A: 如果喺英國境內續簽學生簽證，新課程必須比之前課程有學術進步。例如：Bachelor's → Master's → PhD。唔可以降級或重讀同級課程。例外情況包括：換科目但同級、完成預科後升學、短期研究項目等。

If extending Student visa in UK, new course must show academic progression from previous course. E.g.: Bachelor's → Master's → PhD. Cannot downgrade or repeat same level. Exceptions include: changing subject at same level, progressing after foundation course, short-term research projects etc.

A: 受限制：2024 年起，只有以下學生可以帶家屬：1. 修讀政府資助嘅 postgraduate 研究課程 2. 修讀至少 9 個月嘅 PhD 或同等學位。其他學生（包括 taught master's）唔可以帶家屬。呢個係重大政策變化，影響好多學生。

Restricted: From 2024, only these students can bring dependants: 1. Government-sponsored postgraduate research course 2. PhD or equivalent at least 9 months. Other students (including taught master's) cannot bring dependants. This is a major policy change affecting many students.

A: Graduate visa 俾完成學位嘅學生申請，可以喺英國逗留 2 年（PhD 3 年）搵工或工作。要求：1. 持有效學生簽證 2. 成功完成學位 3. 學校有 Student Sponsor License 並有 track record of compliance 4. 主要喺英國完成學業。唔需要擔保人、冇薪金要求、冇工作限制。只可以申請一次。

Graduate visa allows degree completers to stay in UK for 2 years (3 years for PhD) to find work or work. Requirements: 1. Valid Student visa 2. Successfully completed degree 3. Institution has Student Sponsor License with track record of compliance 4. Studied mainly in UK. No sponsor needed, no salary requirement, no work restrictions. Can only apply once.

A: 2024 年 4 月起最低收入要求係 £29,000。可以用以下方式達標：1. 就業收入（包括受僱及自僱） 2. 非就業收入（租金、股息等） 3. 現金存款（超額部分 × 2.5 + 基本金額） 4. 退休金收入 5. 以上組合。2024 年 4 月前申請嘅舊案用 £18,600。

From April 2024, minimum income requirement is £29,000. Can meet through: 1. Employment income (employed and self-employed) 2. Non-employment income (rent, dividends etc.) 3. Cash savings (excess × 2.5 + base amount) 4. Pension income 5. Combination of above. Pre-April 2024 applications use £18,600.

A: 關係要求：1. 合法結婚或民事伴侶關係 2. 關係係真實 (genuine) 同持續 (subsisting) 3. 雙方年滿 18 歲 4. 已經見過面 5. 打算一齊喺英國生活 6. 有適當住所 7. 冇違反移民法嘅婚姻（sham marriage）。如果未婚但同居 2 年以上，可以用 unmarried partner 類別。

Relationship requirements: 1. Legally married or civil partnership 2. Relationship is genuine and subsisting 3. Both over 18 4. Have met in person 5. Intend to live together in UK 6. Adequate accommodation 7. Not a sham marriage. If unmarried but cohabiting 2+ years, can apply as unmarried partner.

A: 證據包括：1. 聯名銀行戶口/賬單 2. 同一地址證明 3. 通訊記錄（WhatsApp、電話紀錄） 4. 相片（不同時間、地點、場合） 5. 雙方家人朋友嘅聲明 6. 旅行記錄 7. 婚禮/訂婚相片、請帖 8. 社交媒體互動。要顯示關係嘅深度同持續性。

Evidence includes: 1. Joint bank accounts/bills 2. Same address proof 3. Communication records (WhatsApp, call logs) 4. Photos (different times, places, occasions) 5. Statements from family/friends 6. Travel records 7. Wedding/engagement photos, invitations 8. Social media interactions. Show depth and continuity of relationship.

A: 初次申請：CEFR A1（Speaking & Listening）。續簽（2.5 年後）：CEFR A2。申請 ILR（5 年後）：CEFR B1。可以用 SELT 測試或學歷證明。豁免情況：65 歲以上、身體/精神狀況、某些國籍、以英語為主要語言嘅國家學位。

Initial application: CEFR A1 (Speaking & Listening). Extension (after 2.5 years): CEFR A2. ILR application (after 5 years): CEFR B1. Can use SELT test or academic qualification. Exemptions: Over 65, physical/mental condition, certain nationalities, degree taught in English from majority English-speaking country.

A: 5 年 route：符合所有 Appendix FM 要求，5 年後可申請 ILR。10 年 route：唔符合所有要求但有 Article 8 考慮，需要 10 年先可以申請 ILR。10 年 route 需要每 2.5 年續簽，費用更高，要求更多次英語測試。通常 5 年 route 係首選。

5-year route: Meet all Appendix FM requirements, can apply ILR after 5 years. 10-year route: Don't meet all requirements but Article 8 applies, need 10 years for ILR. 10-year route requires renewal every 2.5 years, higher fees, more English tests. 5-year route usually preferred.

A: 子女可以作為 dependant 申請。要求：1. 18 歲以下 2. 唔係已婚/civil partner 3. 由家長撫養 4. 會同家長一齊住 5. 唔會有公共資金依賴。如果子女喺英國出生、父母有 ILR，子女自動成為英國公民。財務要求每名子女額外增加（2024 年前係 £3,800 首名，之後 £2,400）。

Children can apply as dependants. Requirements: 1. Under 18 2. Not married/civil partner 3. Supported by parent 4. Will live with parent 5. No recourse to public funds. If child born in UK to parent with ILR, child automatically British. Financial requirement increases per child (pre-2024: £3,800 first child, £2,400 thereafter).

A: Section 3C Leave（根據 Immigration Act 1971）係法定延續居留。當持有有限居留嘅人喺 leave 到期前提交有效嘅延期/轉換申請，佢哋嘅現有 leave 會自動延續到申請有結果為止。呢個保護申請人唔會因為等待結果而成為 overstayer。

Section 3C Leave (Immigration Act 1971) is statutory extension of leave. When someone with limited leave submits valid extension/switch application before leave expires, existing leave automatically continues until decision. This protects applicants from becoming overstayers while awaiting decision.

A: Section 3C Leave 嘅條件同之前嘅 leave 一樣。例如：如果之前係學生簽證，Section 3C 期間仍然受學生簽證條件約束（工作時數限制等）。唔可以離開英國，否則 Section 3C 終止。申請被拒後有 14 日 Administrative Review 或上訴期，Section 3C 會延續到呢個期限結束。

Section 3C Leave conditions same as previous leave. E.g.: if previously on Student visa, still bound by Student conditions during 3C (work hour limits etc.). Cannot leave UK or 3C terminates. After refusal, 3C extends for 14 days AR/appeal period. 3C continues until that deadline.

A: Section 3C 終止情況：1. 申請獲批（新 leave 開始） 2. 申請被拒後 14 日（如果唔上訴/AR） 3. 上訴/AR 被駁回 4. 離開英國 5. 撤回申請。注意：被拒後立即提交新申請唔會產生新 Section 3C — 呢個時候申請人已經冇合法身份。

Section 3C ends when: 1. Application granted (new leave starts) 2. 14 days after refusal (if no appeal/AR) 3. Appeal/AR dismissed 4. Leave UK 5. Withdraw application. Note: Submitting new application immediately after refusal doesn't create new 3C - person already has no lawful status.

A: Mandatory Grounds：如果情況符合，Home Office 必須拒絕，冇酌情權。例如：exclusion order、deportation order、虛假陳述。Discretionary Grounds：Home Office 可以拒絕但有酌情權考慮所有情況。例如：某些刑事定罪、過往違規行為。Part 9 詳列所有拒簽理由。

Mandatory Grounds: If conditions met, Home Office MUST refuse, no discretion. E.g.: exclusion order, deportation order, false representations. Discretionary Grounds: Home Office CAN refuse but has discretion to consider all circumstances. E.g.: certain criminal convictions, past breaches. Part 9 lists all refusal grounds.

A: 虛假陳述嘅後果好嚴重：1. 申請會被拒絕 2. 可能被禁止入境 10 年 3. 之前嘅 leave 可能被取消 4. 可能構成刑事罪行 5. 影響未來所有申請。虛假陳述包括：提供假文件、隱瞞重要事實、誤導性陳述。即使唔係故意，後果都可能一樣嚴重。

False representations have serious consequences: 1. Application refused 2. Possible 10-year re-entry ban 3. Previous leave may be cancelled 4. May constitute criminal offence 5. Affects all future applications. Includes: fake documents, concealing material facts, misleading statements. Even if unintentional, consequences can be equally severe.

A: Re-entry ban 根據逾期逗留時間：1. 超過 30 日但唔超過 90 日：1 年 ban 2. 超過 90 日但唔超過 6 個月：2 年 ban 3. 超過 6 個月但自願離開：5 年 ban 4. 超過 6 個月被遣返或拘留：10 年 ban。Ban 期由離開英國當日開始計算。

Re-entry ban based on overstay period: 1. Over 30 days but not over 90: 1-year ban 2. Over 90 days but not over 6 months: 2-year ban 3. Over 6 months but left voluntarily: 5-year ban 4. Over 6 months and removed/detained: 10-year ban. Ban starts from date of departure.

A: Suitability Requirements 檢查申請人係咪適合獲批：1. 有冇 exclusion/deportation order 2. 有冇刑事定罪 3. 有冇違反移民法（overstaying、使用假文件） 4. 係咪威脅公共安全/國家安全 5. 有冇欠移民債務 6. 有冇 NHS 債務 7. 係咪曾經被遣返。唔符合 suitability 可能導致拒簽。

Suitability Requirements check if applicant is suitable: 1. Exclusion/deportation order 2. Criminal convictions 3. Immigration breaches (overstaying, false documents) 4. Threat to public/national security 5. Immigration debt 6. NHS debt 7. Previous removal. Failing suitability may lead to refusal.

A: 准許活動：1. 旅遊、探親訪友 2. 商務會議（唔可以受僱） 3. 短期學習（最多 6 個月） 4. 接受私人醫療 5. 參加會議、活動 6. 體育比賽/藝術表演（業餘） 7. 進行學術研究/交流。禁止：工作、長期學習、結婚後定居、使用公共資金。

Permitted activities: 1. Tourism, visiting family/friends 2. Business meetings (no employment) 3. Short-term study (max 6 months) 4. Private medical treatment 5. Conferences, events 6. Amateur sports/arts 7. Academic research/exchange. Prohibited: Work, long-term study, marriage then settle, access public funds.

A: 一般訪客：每次最多 6 個月。醫療訪客：最多 11 個月（如需長期治療）。學術訪客：最多 12 個月。訪客唔可以「住」喺英國 — 如果頻繁探訪或逗留時間接近上限，可能被懷疑實際係居住。12 個月內通常唔應該逗留超過 6 個月。

Standard visitor: Max 6 months per visit. Medical visitor: Max 11 months (if long-term treatment). Academic visitor: Max 12 months. Visitors cannot "live" in UK - frequent visits or stays near maximum may raise suspicion of effective residence. Should not generally spend more than 6 months in any 12-month period.

A: Visa National：必須喺出發前申請簽證嘅國籍（例如：中國、印度、巴基斯坦）。Non-visa National：可以免簽證入境英國作短期訪問嘅國籍（例如：美國、日本、香港BNO）。Visa national list 喺 Appendix Visitor: Visa national list。即使係 non-visa national，如果有不良移民歷史，都可能需要事先申請簽證。

Visa National: Nationalities that must apply for visa before travel (e.g. China, India, Pakistan). Non-visa National: Can enter UK visa-free for short visits (e.g. USA, Japan, HK BNO). Visa national list in Appendix Visitor. Even non-visa nationals may need prior visa if adverse immigration history.

A: 大部分 ILR 申請嘅共同要求：1. 符合所需居住年期（通常 5 年） 2. 連續居住（每 12 個月唔超過 180 日缺席） 3. 通過 Life in the UK 測試 4. 英語能力達 CEFR B1 5. 冇嚴重刑事定罪 6. 符合特定路線嘅額外要求（如薪金） 7. 符合 Suitability 要求。

Common ILR requirements: 1. Meet required residence period (usually 5 years) 2. Continuous residence (max 180 days absence per 12 months) 3. Pass Life in the UK test 4. English CEFR B1 5. No serious criminal convictions 6. Meet route-specific requirements (e.g. salary) 7. Meet Suitability requirements.

A: Life in the UK 測試係申請 ILR 或入籍必須通過嘅測試。內容：英國歷史、文化、傳統、政治制度、法律等。形式：24 條選擇題，45 分鐘，需要答對 18 條或以上（75%）。必須喺官方測試中心進行。費用 £50。通過後 pass notification letter 終身有效。

Life in the UK test required for ILR or naturalization. Content: UK history, culture, traditions, political system, laws. Format: 24 multiple choice questions, 45 minutes, need 18+ correct (75%). Must be at official test center. Fee £50. Pass notification letter valid for life.

A: 連續居住要求：每 12 個月內唔超過 180 日缺席。整個居住期內單次缺席唔超過 6 個月。如果超過限制，連續居住可能被「打斷」，需要重新計算。特殊情況（如工作需要、家庭緊急）可能有酌情處理，但需要提供證據。建議記錄所有出入境。

Continuous residence: Max 180 days absence in any 12-month period. No single absence over 6 months during qualifying period. If exceeded, residence may be "broken" and need to restart. Special circumstances (work requirements, family emergency) may be discretionary but need evidence. Recommend keeping travel records.

A: 呢啲條文指導法院/Home Office 如何考慮 Article 8 申請。117A：法院必須考慮公眾利益。117B：公眾利益考慮因素（移民管控、經濟獨立、英語能力、非法身份時建立嘅關係）。117C：外國罪犯嘅額外考慮。117D：定義。呢啲條文提高咗 Article 8 成功嘅門檻。

These sections guide courts/Home Office on Article 8 consideration. 117A: Court must consider public interest. 117B: Public interest factors (immigration control, financial independence, English, relationships formed when unlawful). 117C: Additional factors for foreign criminals. 117D: Definitions. These raised the threshold for Article 8 success.

A: Family Life：同家庭成員嘅關係（配偶、子女、父母）。通常涉及核心家庭成員，需要證明關係嘅真實性同情感連結。Private Life：個人嘅社會關係、職業、教育、健康、朋友、社區聯繫等。喺英國居住時間越長，private life claim 越強。兩者都受 Article 8 保護，但考慮因素唔同。

Family Life: Relationships with family members (spouse, children, parents). Usually core family, need genuine relationship and emotional bonds. Private Life: Personal social ties, career, education, health, friends, community connections. Longer UK residence strengthens private life claim. Both protected by Article 8 but different considerations.

A: Section 55 Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 要求 Home Office 將兒童最佳利益作為首要考慮。涉及兒童嘅個案必須考慮：1. 對兒童教育嘅影響 2. 同父母分離嘅影響 3. 兒童喺英國嘅聯繫 4. 目的地國家嘅環境 5. 兒童嘅國籍/身份。兒童最佳利益係首要但唔係決定性考慮。

Section 55 BCIA 2009 requires Home Office to treat child's best interests as primary consideration. Cases involving children must consider: 1. Impact on education 2. Effect of separation from parent 3. Child's UK ties 4. Destination country conditions 5. Child's nationality/identity. Best interests are primary but not determinative consideration.

A: Proportionality 評估係 Article 8 嘅核心。步驟：1. 確認有 Article 8 權利存在 2. 確認有干預 3. 干預係否依法進行 4. 干預係否有合法目的 5. 干預係否「民主社會所需」。平衡公眾利益（移民管控）同個人權利。考慮：干預嘅嚴重程度、可以採取嘅較輕替代措施、公眾利益嘅迫切性。

Proportionality assessment is core of Article 8. Steps: 1. Confirm Article 8 right exists 2. Confirm interference 3. Interference lawful 4. Interference has legitimate aim 5. Interference "necessary in democratic society". Balance public interest (immigration control) vs individual rights. Consider: severity of interference, less intrusive alternatives, pressing public interest.

A: 10 年 Long Residence (Paragraph 276B) 要求：1. 合法連續居住滿 10 年 2. 每 12 個月唔超過 180 日缺席 3. 單次缺席唔超過 6 個月 4. 通過 Life in the UK 測試 5. 英語達 B1 6. 冇嚴重刑事定罪 7. 無 breach of conditions。「合法」係關鍵 — 任何 overstaying 期間都唔計算。

10-year Long Residence (Paragraph 276B) requires: 1. Continuous lawful residence for 10 years 2. Max 180 days absence per 12 months 3. No single absence over 6 months 4. Pass Life in UK test 5. English B1 6. No serious criminal convictions 7. No breach of conditions. "Lawful" is key - any overstaying period doesn't count.

A: 20 年 Long Residence 係 Article 8 Private Life 路線嘅一部分。唔要求居住全部係「合法」— 可以包括非法居住時期。要求：喺英國連續居住 20 年（無論合法與否）、冇合理障礙返回原籍國。呢個係最後手段嘅路線，成功率較低。仍然需要通過 Suitability 審查。

20-year Long Residence is part of Article 8 Private Life route. Doesn't require all residence to be "lawful" - can include unlawful periods. Requires: 20 years continuous residence in UK (lawful or not), no reasonable obstacles to return. This is route of last resort, lower success rate. Still need to pass Suitability.

A: 如果連續居住被打斷：1. 可能需要重新開始計算 2. 但酌情權可以適用於特殊情況（嚴重疾病、家人緊急事故） 3. 考慮改用其他路線（家庭、工作） 4. 如果接近完成，提供詳細解釋同證據 5. 申請人仍然可以依賴 Article 8，但會較弱。建議盡早諮詢以了解選項。

If continuous residence broken: 1. May need to restart counting 2. But discretion may apply for exceptional circumstances (serious illness, family emergency) 3. Consider alternative routes (family, work) 4. If near completion, provide detailed explanation and evidence 5. Can still rely on Article 8 but weaker. Advise early consultation to understand options.

A: Good Character 審查範圍廣：1. 刑事定罪（包括已 spent） 2. 移民違規（overstaying、使用虛假文件） 3. 財務問題（破產、逃稅） 4. 欺詐 5. 恐怖主義/極端主義 6. 不良移民歷史 7. 未履行公民義務（NHS 債務、council tax）。任何 12 個月監禁自動失敗；4 年以上通常永久失敗。

Good Character assessment is broad: 1. Criminal convictions (including spent) 2. Immigration breaches (overstaying, false documents) 3. Financial issues (bankruptcy, tax evasion) 4. Deception 5. Terrorism/extremism 6. Adverse immigration history 7. Unfulfilled civic duties (NHS debt, council tax). Any 12+ month sentence automatic fail; 4+ years usually permanent fail.

A: 影響視乎刑罰嚴重程度：1. 4 年以上監禁：通常永久唔符合 2. 12 個月至 4 年：10 年 waiting period 3. 6-12 個月（suspended）：7 年 waiting period 4. 6 個月以下：3 年 waiting period 5. Non-custodial：3 年 waiting period。Waiting period 由刑滿/罰款繳清開始計。某些罪行（如性罪行）可能永久影響。

Impact depends on sentence severity: 1. 4+ years imprisonment: Usually permanent bar 2. 12 months to 4 years: 10-year waiting period 3. 6-12 months (suspended): 7-year waiting period 4. Under 6 months: 3-year waiting period 5. Non-custodial: 3-year waiting period. Waiting period starts from sentence completion/fine payment. Some offences (e.g. sexual) may be permanent bar.

A: 入籍嘅 Good Character 審查比 ILR 更嚴格。ILR 主要睇 Suitability 同嚴重刑事定罪。入籍審查範圍更廣：包括已 spent 嘅定罪、輕微違規、財務紀錄、公民責任等。入籍亦考慮「會唔會係一個好公民」嘅軟因素。ILR 通過唔保證入籍會通過 Good Character。

Naturalization Good Character is stricter than ILR. ILR mainly looks at Suitability and serious convictions. Naturalization assessment broader: includes spent convictions, minor breaches, financial record, civic duties. Naturalization also considers "soft" factors about being a good citizen. ILR pass doesn't guarantee naturalization Good Character pass.

A: Client Care Letter 必須包括：1. 顧問/公司名稱、地址、IAA 註冊號碼 2. 服務範圍（清楚列明會做同唔會做嘅嘢） 3. 費用結構（固定費/按時收費） 4. 付款條款 5. 投訴程序（內部 + IAA） 6. 結束服務嘅條款 7. 保密義務 8. 利益衝突聲明。必須喺開始工作前發出並獲得客戶確認。

Client Care Letter must include: 1. Adviser/firm name, address, IAA registration 2. Scope of service (clearly state what will and won't be done) 3. Fee structure (fixed/hourly) 4. Payment terms 5. Complaints procedure (internal + IAA) 6. Terms for ending service 7. Confidentiality obligations 8. Conflict of interest declaration. Must be issued before work starts and acknowledged by client.

A: 處理利益衝突步驟：1. 識別潛在衝突（代表雙方、個人利益、財務利益） 2. 評估衝突嚴重程度 3. 如果有實際或潛在衝突，必須向客戶披露 4. 獲得客戶書面同意（informed consent） 5. 如果衝突無法解決，拒絕/停止代表 6. 紀錄所有衝突評估同決定。絕對唔可以代表利益相反嘅雙方（如配偶簽證申請人同擔保人有糾紛）。

Handling conflicts: 1. Identify potential conflicts (acting for both parties, personal interest, financial interest) 2. Assess severity 3. If actual/potential conflict, must disclose to client 4. Obtain written informed consent 5. If conflict unresolvable, decline/cease acting 6. Record all conflict assessments and decisions. Never act for parties with opposing interests (e.g. sponsor and applicant in dispute).

A: 客戶檔案保存要求：完成個案後至少保存 6 年。內容包括：所有通信、建議備忘、申請副本、收據、會議紀錄、重要決定嘅理由。電子或紙本保存都可以。要確保安全儲存（data protection）。銷毀前要考慮係咪有未完成事項或潛在投訴。

File retention: Keep for at least 6 years after case completion. Contents include: all correspondence, advice notes, application copies, receipts, meeting records, reasons for key decisions. Electronic or paper storage acceptable. Ensure secure storage (data protection). Before destruction, consider any outstanding matters or potential complaints.

A: 必須向 IAA 報告：1. 刑事定罪（包括交通罪行以外嘅） 2. 破產或清盤 3. 受其他監管機構處分 4. 重大投訴 5. 業務重大變更（地址、合夥人） 6. 停止提供服務 7. 任何可能影響「fit and proper」身份嘅事項。報告要及時 — 通常喺事件發生後 14 日內。

Must report to IAA: 1. Criminal convictions (excluding minor traffic) 2. Bankruptcy/liquidation 3. Sanctions from other regulators 4. Significant complaints 5. Major business changes (address, partners) 6. Ceasing to provide services 7. Anything affecting "fit and proper" status. Report promptly - usually within 14 days of event.

A: 發現客戶欺詐嘅處理：1. 即時停止為該個案工作 2. 唔可以提交虛假文件/資料 3. 考慮終止同客戶關係 4. 唔可以向 Home Office 舉報客戶（保密義務） 5. 但唔可以協助隱瞞 6. 紀錄你嘅決定同理由 7. 必要時諮詢 IAA。你唔可以「tip off」客戶會被調查，呢個本身可能係罪行。

Handling client fraud: 1. Immediately stop work on the case 2. Cannot submit false documents/information 3. Consider terminating relationship 4. Cannot report client to Home Office (confidentiality) 5. But cannot assist in concealment 6. Record your decision and reasons 7. Consult IAA if needed. Cannot "tip off" client about investigation - this itself may be offence.

A: Administrative Review (AR) 係要求 Home Office 覆核決定嘅程序。適用於大部分 PBS 路線同訪客簽證拒絕。必須喺 14 日內提出（境內）或 28 日（境外）。費用 £80（境內）。AR 只審核 caseworker error — 唔可以提交新證據。如果唔滿意 AR 結果，可能可以 Judicial Review，但冇上訴權。

Administrative Review (AR) is process to request Home Office review of decision. Applies to most PBS routes and visitor refusals. Must apply within 14 days (in-country) or 28 days (overseas). Fee £80 (in-country). AR only reviews caseworker error - cannot submit new evidence. If unhappy with AR, may seek Judicial Review but no appeal right.

A: 有上訴權嘅決定主要係：1. 人權申請被拒（Article 8） 2. 難民/庇護申請被拒 3. EEA/EUSS 申請被拒 4. 取消已有嘅保護身份 5. 遣返/驅逐決定（某些情況）。大部分 PBS 申請（Skilled Worker、Student）只有 AR，冇上訴權。上訴去 First-tier Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber)。

Decisions with appeal rights mainly: 1. Human rights (Article 8) refusal 2. Refugee/asylum refusal 3. EEA/EUSS refusal 4. Revocation of protection status 5. Deportation/removal (certain cases). Most PBS applications (Skilled Worker, Student) only have AR, no appeal. Appeals go to First-tier Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber).

A: Level 2 可以做：1. 建議客戶係咪應該上訴 2. 準備上訴 grounds 3. 收集同整理證據 4. 撰寫陳述書 5. 向法庭提交上訴（lodging） 6. 準備 bundle。Level 2 唔可以做：1. 出席法庭聆訊 2. 法庭代表 3. Judicial Review 工作。呢啲需要 Level 3 或律師。

Level 2 can: 1. Advise if client should appeal 2. Prepare appeal grounds 3. Collect and organize evidence 4. Draft witness statements 5. Lodge appeal with tribunal 6. Prepare bundles. Level 2 cannot: 1. Attend tribunal hearings 2. Tribunal representation 3. Judicial Review work. These require Level 3 or solicitor.

A: Removal：將非法入境者或逾期逗留者強制帶離英國，根據 Immigration Act 1971。受影響人士可以重新申請入境（除非有 ban）。Deportation：更嚴重，用於「conducive to public good」情況，通常涉及刑事定罪。Deportation Order 會禁止返回英國直到 order 被撤銷。外國罪犯自動遣返規則適用於 12 個月以上刑期。

Removal: Forcing illegal entrants or overstayers to leave UK, under Immigration Act 1971. Person can reapply to enter (unless banned). Deportation: More serious, for "conducive to public good" cases, usually involving criminal convictions. Deportation Order bars return until revoked. Automatic deportation rules apply to foreign criminals with 12+ month sentences.

A: UK Borders Act 2007 規定：如果外國公民被判 12 個月或以上監禁，Home Office 必須發出 deportation order，除非有例外適用。例外包括：1. 遣返會違反人權公約 2. 遣返會違反難民公約 3. 被遣返者係 EEA 公民（特定條件） 4. 被遣返者係未成年。即使有例外，Home Office 仍然可以酌情遣返。

UK Borders Act 2007: If foreign national sentenced to 12+ months imprisonment, Home Office must make deportation order unless exception applies. Exceptions: 1. Deportation would breach Human Rights Convention 2. Would breach Refugee Convention 3. Person is EEA national (specific conditions) 4. Person is minor. Even with exceptions, Home Office can still deport discretionarily.

A: 收到 Removal Directions 後嘅選項：1. 如果有新申請理由，提交 fresh claim（但唔會自動暫停遣返） 2. Judicial Review（可以要求暫停遣返直到 JR 結果） 3. 自願離開（可能有較短 re-entry ban） 4. 如果有上訴權，喺限期內上訴。時間非常緊迫 — 通常只有幾日。Level 2 顧問應該立即轉介俾律師處理緊急 JR。

Options after Removal Directions: 1. If new grounds, submit fresh claim (but doesn't auto-suspend removal) 2. Judicial Review (can seek suspension pending JR) 3. Voluntary departure (may get shorter ban) 4. If appeal right exists, appeal within deadline. Time is critical - usually only days. Level 2 adviser should immediately refer to solicitor for emergency JR.